Global Japanese Data Rankings

Politics and government

Population and Family

Economy and industry

Work

Education and media

Science and technology

Environment and energy

International relations

	South Africa
Book production, annual total	5,418 (1995) [29/104 countries]
Book production, % of arts and recreation	2.9% (1995) [66/95 countries]
Book production, % of literature	22.6% (1995) [41/98 countries]
Book production, % of religion and theology	9.5% (1995) [26/97 countries]
Book production, % of sciences	23.3% (1995) [88/102 countries]
% of those who read books in their free time daily (2007)	16.6% [11/34 countries]
% of those who get much enjoyment from reading books (2007)	62.7% [7/34 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its achievements in the arts and literature (2013)	81.9% [14/33 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its achievements in the arts and literature (2003)	82.4% [16/34 countries]

	South Africa
Voter turnout in the national election	66.1% (2019) [94/199 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, always to vote in elections (2014)	5.89 [14/34 countries]
% of those who think that the last national election was fair regarding the opportunities of the candidates and parties to campaign (2014)	65.8% [9/34 countries]
% of those who think that referendums are a good way to decide important political questions (2014)	56.9% [30/34 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in the way democracy works (2013)	47.2% [20/33 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in the way democracy works (2003)	61.5% [16/34 countries]
% of those who think that giving people more say is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2010)	32.7% [9/36 countries]
% of those who think that protecting freedom of speech is the most important aim of the country out of maintaining national order/ giving people more say/ fighting rising prices/ protecting freedom of speech (2010)	6.2% [25/36 countries]
Extent to which people think democracy works well in their country today (2014)	5.42 [19/34 countries]
Extent to which people think democracy worked well in their country 10 years ago (2014)	5.84 [15/34 countries]
Extent to which people think democracy will work well in their country 10 years from now (2014)	5.49 [22/34 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that all citizens have an adequate standard of living (2014)	6.24 [23/34 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that all citizens have an adequate standard of living (2004)	6.22 [31/38 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that government authorities respect and protect the rights of minorities (2014)	6.02 [20/34 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that government authorities respect and protect the rights of minorities (2004)	5.98 [26/38 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that people be given more opportunities to participate in public decision-making (2014)	5.91 [17/34 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that people be given more opportunities to participate in public decision-making (2004)	6.11 [18/38 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that citizens may engage in acts of civil disobedience when they oppose government actions (2014)	4.75 [17/34 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that citizens may engage in acts of civil disobedience when they oppose government actions (2004)	4.91 [17/37 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that governments respect democratic rights whatever the circumstances (2014)	5.82 [30/34 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that people convicted of serious crimes lose their citizen rights (2014)	4.85 [21/34 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that long-term residents of a country, who are not citizens, have the right to vote in that countryfs national elections (2014)	4.37 [14/34 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that citizens have the right not to vote (2014)	4.74 [22/34 countries]
Extent to which people think it important that health care be provided for everyone (2014)	6.46 [22/34 countries]

	South Africa
Statutory number of members (As of February 16, 2023)	400 [25/190 countries]
Inhabitants per parliamentarian (2021)	112,839 [37/192 countries]
% of women in parliament (As of February 16, 2023)	46.25% [11/185 countries]
% of MPs 40 years of age or younger (As of February 16, 2023)	24.12% [61/143 countries]
Women in ministerial positions (% of all ministers) (2021)	48.3% [14/193 countries]
% of those who trust politicians (2014)	42.0% [7/34 countries]
% of those who trust politicians (2010)	48.9% [3/36 countries]
% of those who trust politicians (2004)	55.0% [1/38 countries]
% of those who think that most politicians are in politics only for what they can get out of it personally (2010)	73.3% [11/36 countries]
% of those who think that many politicians are involved in corruption (2016)	66.7% [13/35 countries]
% of those who think that many politicians are involved in corruption (2006)	59.1% [11/33 countries]
% of those who think that most politicians are in politics only for their own interest (2014)	76.4% [6/34 countries]
% of those who think that most politicians are in politics only for their own interest (2004)	62.1% [15/38 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who think that political parties encourage people to become active in politics (2014)	61.5% [2/34 countries]
% of those who think that political parties encourage people to become active in politics (2004)	65.5% [2/38 countries]
% of those who think that political parties do not give voters real policy choices (2014)	48.9% [17/34 countries]
% of those who think that political parties do not give voters real policy choices (2004)	43.7% [31/38 countries]
% of those who belong to a political party (2014)	36.9% [2/34 countries]
% of those who belong to a political party (2001)	32.8% [1/27 countries]
% of those who think that people who vote for the party/the parties in government have the most influence on the actions of the government (2016)	16.4% [9/35 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to be active in social or political associations (2014)	4.71 [3/34 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to be active in social or political associations (2004)	5.05 [2/38 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who have confidence in parliament (2018)	42.5% [35/47 countries]
% of those who have confidence in parliament (2008)	61.4% [15/44 countries]
% of those who think that MPs try to keep the promises they have made during the election (2016)	32.8% [9/35 countries]
% of those who think that MPs try to keep the promises they have made during the election (2006)	37.5% [2/33 countries]
% of those who think that the parliament considers your action if you take action against an unjust or harmful law (2014)	36.8% [4/34 countries]

	South Africa
Degree of interest in politics (5 steps) (2016)	2.66 [23/34 countries]
Degree of interest in politics (5 steps) (2006)	2.50 [26/34 countries]
% of those interested in politics (4 choices) (2014)	36.3% [28/34 countries]
% of those interested in politics (4 choices) (2007)	30.4% [23/33 countries]
% of those interested in politics (4 choices) (2004)	33.9% [32/38 countries]
% of those who think that their political position is left (2014)	15.6% [9/34 countries]
% of those who think that their political position is center (2014)	50.2% [13/34 countries]
% of those who think that their political position is right (2014)	16.5% [21/34 countries]
Average of political position (2014)	5.11 [25/34 countries]
% of those who often or sometimes discuss political matters with friends, relatives or fellow workers (2014)	33.3% [31/34 countries]
% of those who often or sometimes discuss political matters with friends, relatives or fellow workers (2004)	28.0% [37/38 countries]
% of those who read the political content of a newspaper every day (2004)	8.7% [20/22 countries]
% of those who never read the political content of a newspaper (2004)	52.5% [2/22 countries]
% of those who use the media to obtain political news or information every day (2014)	49.0% [33/34 countries]
% of those who never use the media to obtain political news or information (2014)	19.0% [2/34 countries]
% of those who watch political news on television every day (2004)	21.0% [22/22 countries]
% of those who never watch political news on television (2004)	40.3% [1/22 countries]
% of those who listen to political news on the radio every day (2004)	21.5% [12/22 countries]
% of those who never listen to political news on the radio (2004)	38.4% [5/22 countries]
% of those who use the Internet to obtain political news or information every day (2004)	1.6% [18/22 countries]
% of those who never use the Internet to obtain political news or information (2004)	91.2% [3/22 countries]
% of those who have expressed political views on the internet (2014)	8.2% [26/34 countries]
% of those who often or sometimes try to persuade your friends, relatives or fellow workers to share their political opinion (2014)	26.9% [27/34 countries]
% of those who often or sometimes try to persuade your friends, relatives or fellow workers to share their political opinion (2004)	25.8% [31/38 countries]
% of young people (-29) who often or sometimes discuss political matters with friends, relatives or fellow workers (2014)	0.3% [24/34 countries]
% of those who think that others are better informed about politics and government (2014)	51.3% [5/34 countries]
% of those who think that others are better informed about politics and government (2006)	61.3% [2/33 countries]
% of those who think that others are better informed about politics and government (2004)	48.1% [8/38 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (2016)	48.4% [18/35 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (2014)	45.8% [25/34 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (2006)	45.5% [16/33 countries]
% of those who think that they understand political issues of the country (2004)	48.3% [26/38 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2017)	67.9% [3/30 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2016)	55.7% [18/35 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2014)	62.3% [8/34 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2006)	69.7% [8/33 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2004)	59.0% [14/38 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have no political voice (2001)	48.0% [9/18 countries]
% of those who think that ordinary citizens have considerable influence on politics (2006)	47.4% [4/33 countries]
% of those who think that citizens in general has the most influence on the actions of the government (2016)	9.1% [11/35 countries]
% of those who do not think that the government cares much what people like them think (2014)	65.0% [10/34 countries]
% of those who do not think that the government cares much what people like them think (2004)	54.2% [24/38 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to keep watch on the actions of government (2014)	5.53 [13/34 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to keep watch on the actions of government (2004)	5.75 [11/38 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to try to understand the reasoning of people with other opinions (2014)	5.39 [22/34 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who would take action when the parliament considers an unjust or harmful law (2014)	48.6% [6/34 countries]
% of those who have attempted to contact a politician or a civil servant to express their views (2014)	14.0% [24/34 countries]
% of those who have attempted to contact a politician or a civil servant to express their views (2004)	7.7% [34/38 countries]
% of those who have donated money or raised funds for a social or political activity (2014)	17.5% [28/34 countries]
% of those who have donated money or raised funds for a social or political activity (2004)	12.6% [35/38 countries]
% of those who have signed a petition (2014)	17.7% [29/34 countries]
% of those who have signed a petition (2004)	12.1% [35/38 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to choose products for political, ethical or environmental reasons, even if they cost a bit more (2014)	4.37 [23/34 countries]
% of those who take part in activities of political parties, political groups or associations once a month or more (2017)	7.6% [4/30 countries]
% of those who never take part in activities of political parties, political groups or associations (2017)	77.4% [24/30 countries]
% of those who have attended a political meeting (2014)	30.8% [10/34 countries]
% of those who have attended a political meeting (2004)	29.3% [17/38 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise public meetings to protest against the government (2016)	77.3% [28/35 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise public meetings to protest against the government (2006)	74.8% [28/33 countries]
% of those who have attended demonstrations (2014)	17.9% [22/34 countries]
% of those who have attended demonstrations (2004)	16.0% [29/38 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise protest marches and demonstrations (2016)	70.2% [27/35 countries]
% of those who think that it should be allowed to organise protest marches and demonstrations (2006)	68.6% [25/33 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to hold public meetings (2016)	79.2% [1/35 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to hold public meetings (2006)	68.3% [5/33 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by force should be allowed to hold public meetings (2014)	28.9% [5/34 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by force should be allowed to hold public meetings (2004)	15.2% [19/38 countries]
% of those who think that people who want to overthrow the government by revolution should be allowed to publish books expressing their views (2016)	75.6% [12/35 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who trust in civil servants (2016)	35.0% [10/35 countries]
% of those who trust in civil servants (2006)	39.1% [5/33 countries]
% of those who think that the public service is committed to serve the people (2014)	48.1% [23/33 countries]
% of those who think that the public service is committed to serve the people (2004)	63.9% [15/38 countries]
Evaluation of control of corruption (0-100) (2021)	55.8 [93/209 countries]
% of those who think that few public officials are involved in corruption (2014)	18.4% [24/34 countries]
% of those who think that few public officials are involved in corruption (2006)	19.6% [22/33 countries]
% of those who think that few public officials are involved in corruption (2004)	29.8% [19/38 countries]
% of those who think that many public officials are involved in corruption (2016)	60.2% [8/35 countries]
% of those who say that they or their family have never come across a public official who hinted/ wanted a bribe in the last five years (2016)	58.1% [28/35 countries]
% of those who say that they or their family have never come across a public official who hinted/ wanted a bribe in the last five years (2006)	68.3% [28/35 countries]
% of those who turn to family members or close friends first to help them with administrative problems or official paperwork (2017)	46.3% [21/30 countries]
% of those who turn to private companies first to help them with administrative problems or official paperwork (2017)	9.6% [6/30 countries]
% of those who turn to public services first to help them with administrative problems or official paperwork (2017)	7.8% [30/30 countries]

	South Africa
General government expenditures as % of GDP (2022)	32.8% [87/189 countries]
General government primary net lending/borrowing as % of GDP (2022)	-0.30% [49/180 countries]
General government gross debt as % of GDP (2022)	68% [66/185 countries]
% of those who are in favour of cuts in government spending (2016)	73.7% [16/35 countries]
% of those who are in favour of cuts in government spending (2006)	62.8% [21/33 countries]

	South Africa
General government revenues as % of GDP (2022)	28% [88/189 countries]
Corporate income tax rate (central + sub-central) (2021)	28.00% [23/111 countries]
Taxes on income, profits and capital gains, % of GDP (2019)	13.4% [13/117 countries]
Social security contributions, % of GDP (2019)	0.4% [87/113 countries]
Taxes on property, % of GDP (2019)	1.7% [24/111 countries]
Taxes on goods and services, % of GDP (2019)	10.5% [56/117 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (2019)	57.9% [2/29 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (2016)	48.9% [3/35 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (2009)	57.6% [1/41 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too high for those with high incomes (2006)	50.9% [2/33 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (2019)	11.1% [28/29 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (2016)	15.0% [33/35 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (2009)	10.1% [40/41 countries]
% of those who think that taxes are too low for those with high incomes (2006)	16.5% [31/33 countries]
% of those who think that people with high incomes should pay a larger % of their income in taxes than those with low incomes (2019)	58.6% [28/29 countries]
% of those who think that people with high incomes should pay a larger % of their income in taxes than those with low incomes (2009)	68.5% [32/41 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, never to try to evade taxes (2014)	5.86 [29/34 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, never to try to evade taxes (2004)	5.92 [23/38 countries]
% of those who think that the tax authorities always/ often make sure people pay their taxes (2016)	78.0% [11/35 countries]
% of those who think that the tax authorities always/ often treat everyone in accordance with the law, regardless of their contacts or position in society (2016)	68.0% [4/35 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who are proud of their country in its social security system (2013)	52.1% [17/33 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its social security system (2003)	56.2% [13/34 countries]
% of those who think that the social benefits in their country make people lazy (2017)	36.0% [21/30 countries]
% of those who would like to see more government spending in old age pensions (2016)	84.2% [9/35 countries]
% of those who would like to see more government spending in old age pensions (2006)	78.7% [13/33 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a decent standard of living for the old (2016)	94.8% [23/35 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a decent standard of living for the old (2006)	93.9% [26/33 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a decent standard of living for the old (2001)	95.8% [17/27 countries]
% of those who think that the government is successful in the provision of decent life for the old (2006)	44.8% [3/33 countries]
% of those who think that the government should primarily provide care for older people (2017)	74.9% [11/30 countries]
% of those who think that the government should primarily provide care for older people (2016)	84.4% [5/35 countries]
% of those who think that private companies should primarily provide care for older people (2017)	3.6% [17/30 countries]
% of those who think that private companies should primarily provide care for older people (2016)	2.3% [29/35 countries]
% of those who think that family, relatives or friends should primarily provide care for older people (2017)	18.5% [14/30 countries]
% of those who think that family, relatives or friends should primarily provide care for older people (2016)	10.7% [23/35 countries]
% of those who think "government agencies should primarily provide help in everyday life for elderly people (2012)	20.2% [32/41 countries]
% of those who think that the government/public funds should primarily cover the costs of the help to elderly people (2012)	51.5% [26/41 countries]
Maternal leave benefits (% of wages) (2017)	66 [158/176 countries]
% of those who think that 1-6 months of paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	83.4% [2/41 countries]
% of those who think that 7-12 months of paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	11.3% [36/41 countries]
% of those who think that 13-36 months of paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	0.4% [39/41 countries]
% of those who think that 13-36 months of paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	0.1% [38/38 countries]
% of those who think that the government should pay for parental leave (2012)	17.9% [39/41 countries]
% of those who think that the employer should pay for parental leave (2012)	57.8% [1/41 countries]
% of those who think that both the government and the employer should pay for parental leave (2012)	23.9% [41/41 countries]
% of those who think the employers should primarily cover the costs of childcare for children under school age (2012)	3.4% [14/41 countries]
% of those who think the family itself should primarily cover the costs of childcare for children under school age (2012)	77.2% [5/41 countries]
% of those who think the government/public funds should primarily cover the costs of childcare for children under school age (2012)	19.3% [36/41 countries]
% of those who think government agencies should primarily provide childcare for children under school age (2012)	11.4% [34/41 countries]
% of those who think that poverty is the most important issue for their country (2010)	18.7% [8/35 countries]
% of those who think that the government should spend less on benefits for the poor (2009)	31.1% [5/41 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing decent housing for those who can't afford it (2016)	92.2% [7/35 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing decent housing for those who can't afford it (2006)	92.6% [11/33 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to help people in the country who are worse off than themselves (2014)	5.63 [15/34 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, to help people in the country who are worse off than themselves (2004)	5.97 [12/38 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who think that it is worse to convict an innocent person than to let a guilty person go free (2016)	47.0% [34/35 countries]
% of those who think that it is worse to convict an innocent person than to let a guilty person go free (2006)	46.4% [32/33 countries]
% of those who follow conscience rather than law on occasions (2 choices) (2016)	27.7% [32/35 countries]
% of those who follow conscience rather than law on occasions (2 choices) (2006)	23.5% [32/33 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, always to obey laws and regulations (2014)	6.16 [19/34 countries]
Extent to which people think that it is important, in order to be a good citizen, always to obey laws and regulations (2004)	6.28 [19/38 countries]
Extent to which people trust the courts (2017)	4.67 [24/30 countries]
% of those who have confidence in the justice system (5 choices) (2018)	58.9% [33/47 countries]

	South Africa
Population (ten thousands) (2021)	6,004.2 [24/216 countries]
Popuation growth (annual) (2021)	1.0% [98/217 countries]
Popuation change in the last 20 years (2001-2021)	31.8% [90/217 countries]
0-14 years, % of the total population (2021)	28.6% [77/193 countries]
15-64 years, % of the total population (2021)	65.8% [68/193 countries]
65 years and over, % of the total population (2021)	5.6% [113/193 countries]
Life expectancy at birth - Both sexes (years) (2020)	64.4 [169/199 countries]
Life expectancy at birth - Female (years) (2020)	67.9 [160/199 countries]
Life expectancy at birth - Male (years) (2020)	61.0 [177/199 countries]
Population density (per square kilometer) (2021)	49.5 [150/216 countries]
Population in urban agglomerations of more than 1 million (% of total population) (2021)	36.1 [26/121 countries]
% of those who think that population growth cannot be supported (2010)	59.0% [18/36 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between young people and older people (2019)	53.8% [1/29 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who think that people who want children ought to get married (2012)	44.5% [20/40 countries]
% of those who think that adultery is always wrong (2018)	63.9% [30/46 countries]
% of those who think that adultery is always wrong (2008)	88.2% [5/44 countries]
% of those who think that sex before marriage is always wrong (2008)	66.1% [5/44 countries]
% of those who think that homosexuality is always wrong (2018)	56.0% [22/47 countries]
% of those who think that homosexuality is always wrong (2008)	84.0% [6/44 countries]

	South Africa
Fertility rate, total (births per woman) (2020)	2.36 [84/200 countries]
Crude birth rate (per 1,000 people) (2020)	19.8 [79/204 countries]
% of those who think that their ideal number of children is 3 or more (2012)	62.8% [5/34 countries]
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) (2017)	119 [65/183 countries]
Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births) (2020)	25.8 [59/193 countries]
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) (2020)	32 [58/194 countries]
Adolescent fertility rate (Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19) (2020)	67.7 [45/194 countries]
% of those who think that it is wrong for a woman to have an abortion if there is a strong chance of serious defect in the baby (2008)	63.6% [7/44 countries]
% of those who think that it is wrong for a woman to have an abortion if her family cannot afford any more children (2018)	74.3% [12/47 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who think that adult children have a duty to look after their elderly parents (2017)	83.0% [8/30 countries]
% of those who think that adult children have a duty to look after their elderly parents (2001)	86.4% [7/27 countries]
% of those who think that adult children are an important source of help for elderly parents (2012)	82.9% [4/40 countries]
% of those who think that having children interferes too much with the freedom of parents (2012)	26.5% [20/40 countries]
% of those who think that watching children grow up is life's greatest joy (2012)	97.6% [1/40 countries]
% of those who think that children are a financial burden (2012)	29.2% [25/40 countries]
% of those who think that those with young children should be medically prioritized over those not (2011)	48.8% [10/32 countries]
% of those who think that having children increases people's social standing in society (2012)	53.5% [9/40 countries]
% of those who think that having children restricts the employment and career chances (2012)	27.3% [37/40 countries]

	South Africa
Share prices (10 years ago as 100) (2021)	650 [11/42 countries]

	South Africa
Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)	11.8% (2021) [85/193 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who live with their brother/ sister, among those who have brother/ sister (2017)	13.4% [2/30 countries]
% of those who but do not live with their brother/ sister but contact frequently (2017)	67.4% [7/30 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2017)	88.8% [5/30 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2017)	74.5% [3/30 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2001)	88.2% [3/27 countries]
% of those who think that their family members put pressure on them about the way they live or organise their personal life (2017)	28.6% [8/30 countries]
% of those who feel that their family, relatives and/or friends make too many demands on them (2017)	26.3% [11/30 countries]
% of those who feel that their family, relatives and/or friends make too many demands on them (2001)	39.7% [8/27 countries]
% of those who face anger of their family or close friends (2017)	31.7% [11/30 countries]
Extent of satisfaction with family life (7 steps) (2012)	5.46 [27/41 countries]
Extent of satisfaction with the relationships with family members (7 steps) (2018)	5.62 [37/47 countries]

	South Africa
Prevalence of stunting in children under 5 (%) (2020)	23.2% [51/154 countries]
Prevalence of overweight in children under 5 (%) (2020)	12.9% [11/154 countries]
Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15?49 years subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in their lifetime (%) (2018)	24% [70/151 countries]

	South Africa
International migrant stock (% of immigrants in the population) (2020)	4.8% [124/231 countries]
Refugee population by country or territory of asylum (2019)	89,285 [39/164 countries]
Refugee population by country or territory of asylum (per 10,000 people) (2019)	15.2 [62/157 countries]
% of those who experience migration (2008)	58.6% [33/44 countries]
% of those who experience migration (2001)	73.3% [10/24 countries]
% of those who experience international migration (2008)	4.5% [29/44 countries]
% of those who turn to family members or close friends first to find a place to live (2017)	70.8% [5/30 countries]
% of those who turn to private companies first to find a place to live (2017)	3.7% [27/30 countries]
% of those who turn to public services first to find a place to live (2017)	5.5% [29/30 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be increased (2013)	34.8% [2/33 countries]
% of those who think that the number of immigrants to the country nowadays should be reduced (2013)	53.0% [17/33 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants increase crime rates (2013)	70.2% [5/33 countries]
% of those who think that immigration is the most important issue for their country (2010)	2.1% [19/35 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between domestic-born and foreign-born (2019)	73.6% [2/29 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants are generally good for the country's economy (2013)	31.5% [19/33 countries]
% of those who agree that immigrants take jobs away from people who were born in the country (2013)	70.7% [1/33 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants improve your country's society by bringing in new ideas and cultures (2013)	39.6% [15/33 countries]
% of those who agree that it is impossible for people who do not share their country's customs and traditions to become fully their country's nationalty (2013)	58.9% [11/33 countries]
% of those who agree that it is impossible for people who do not share their country's customs and traditions to become fully their country's nationalty (2003)	61.5% [4/33 countries]
% of those who agree that ethnic minorities should be given government assistance to preserve their customs and traditions (2013)	58.2% [9/33 countries]
% of those who agree that ethnic minorities should be given government assistance to preserve their customs and traditions (2003)	69.8% [7/33 countries]
% of those who think that immigrants should give up original culture and adopt their culture (2013)	9.2% [19/33 countries]
% of those who think that it is better for society if different racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinct customs and traditions (2013)	60.2% [4/33 countries]
% of those who think that it is better for society if different racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinct customs and traditions (2003)	58.4% [12/34 countries]
% of those who agree that their country's culture is generally undermined by immigrants (2013)	52.6% [2/33 countries]
% of those who think that foreigners should not be allowed to buy land in this country (2013)	62.0% [8/33 countries]
% of those who think that foreigners should not be allowed to buy land in this country (2003)	58.9% [8/34 countries]
% of those who agree that legal immigrants to their country who are not citizens should have the same rights as their country's citizens (2013)	39.4% [16/33 countries]
% of those who agree that legal immigrants to their country who are not citizens should have the same rights as their country's citizens (2003)	43.9% [18/34 countries]
% of those who agree that their country should take stronger measures to exclude illegal immigrants (2013)	76.2% [11/33 countries]
% of those who agree that their country should take stronger measures to exclude illegal immigrants (2003)	78.5% [18/34 countries]
% of those who agree that legal immigrants should have equal access to public education (2013)	53.0% [31/33 countries]
% of those who think that people prejudiced against any racial or ethnic group should be allowed to hold public meetings (2014)	30.2% [6/34 countries]

	South Africa
GDP (current US$, billions) (2021)	418.020 [33/192 countries]
GDP per capita (current US$) (2021)	6,950 [91/192 countries]
GDP per capita (PPP, current international$) (2021)	14,396 [96/192 countries]
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) (2021)	6,440 [80/173 countries]
Shadow economy, as % of GDP (2015)	22.0% [105/158 countries]
% of those who think that the economy is the most important issue for their country (2010)	6.4% [33/35 countries]
Total reserves (includes gold, 100 million US$) (2021)	576 [36/141 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing industry with the help it needs to grow (2016)	91.4% [9/35 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing industry with the help it needs to grow (2006)	90.5% [12/33 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its economic achievements (2013)	51.1% [16/33 countries]
% of those who are proud of their country in its economic achievements (2003)	68.7% [13/34 countries]

	South Africa
Long-term interest rate (2021)	9.79% [1/37 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for keeping prices under control (2016)	92.6% [9/35 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for keeping prices under control (2006)	93.1% [8/33 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who are dissatisfied with their earnings (2009)	60.5% [21/41 countries]
% of those who think that it is difficult for their household to make ends meet (2019)	52.2% [4/29 countries]
% of those who think that it is difficult for their household to make ends meet (2017)	51.6% [5/29 countries]
% of those who think that it will be difficult for their household to make ends meet for the next 12 months (2019)	46.2% [7/29 countries]
% of those who skip a meal because there is not enough money once a month or more (2019)	31.2% [2/29 countries]
% of men who say that they have a higher income than their partner (2012)	65.4% [29/41 countries]
% of women who say that they have a higher income than their partner (2012)	20.8% [13/41 countries]
% of those who say that both partners have about the same income (2012)	17.3% [25/41 countries]
% of those who think that the income distribution of their country is unfair (2019)	71.0% [20/29 countries]
% of those who think that differences in income in the country are too large (2019)	82.2% [16/29 countries]
% of those who think that differences in income in the country are too large (2017)	85.0% [10/30 countries]
% of those who think that differences in income in the country are too large (2009)	93.2% [10/41 countries]
% of those who contact people who are a lot poorer than them every day (2019)	39.9% [4/29 countries]
% of those who contact people who are a lot richer than them every day (2019)	21.8% [6/29 countries]
Extent of anger at differences in wealth (2019)	4.98 [16/29 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between poor people and rich people (2019)	65.1% [5/29 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between poor people and rich people (2009)	57.6% [13/41 countries]
% of those who think that differences in peoplefs standard of living should be small for a society to be fair (2017)	60.7% [21/30 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2019)	74.9% [11/29 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2017)	69.1% [15/29 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2010)	68.8% [18/36 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (5 choices) (2009)	71.6% [26/41 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (4 choices) (2016)	78.1% [24/35 countries]
% of those who think that the government is responsible for reducing income inequality (4 choices) (2006)	82.9% [13/33 countries]
% of those who think that the government is tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	74.3% [10/28 countries]
% of those who think that private companies are tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	9.6% [21/28 countries]
% of those who think that trade unions are tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	9.1% [9/28 countries]
% of those who think that high income people are tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	3.0% [8/28 countries]
% of those who think that low income people are tne most responsible for reducing income inequality (2019)	1.1% [20/28 countries]
% of those who think that income differences do not need to be reduced (2019)	3.0% [17/28 countries]
% of those who think that politicians do not care about reducing the differences in income (2019)	74.7% [14/29 countries]
% of those who think that the government is successful in reducing the differences in income (2019)	27.0% [2/29 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2017)	88.8% [5/30 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2017)	74.5% [3/30 countries]
% of those who think that they should take care of themselves and their family first, before helping other people (2001)	88.2% [3/27 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who think that their country is a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (2019)	31.2% [7/29 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (2009)	50.8% [6/41 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (2019)	27.4% [22/29 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (2009)	31.8% [27/41 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (2019)	25.3% [12/29 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (2009)	8.7% [34/41 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with most people in the middle (2019)	11.7% [20/29 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with most people in the middle (2009)	6.6% [34/41 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (2019)	4.4% [7/29 countries]
% of those who think that their country is a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (2009)	2.2% [23/41 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (2019)	10.1% [1/29 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with a small elite at the top, very few people in the middle and the great mass of people at the bottom (2009)	2.4% [5/40 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (2019)	16.1% [2/29 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid with a small elite at the top, more people in the middle, and most at the bottom (2009)	8.1% [11/41 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (2019)	20.1% [2/29 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society like a pyramid except that just a few people are at the bottom (2009)	9.9% [30/41 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with most people in the middle (2019)	27.3% [29/29 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with most people in the middle (2009)	46.6% [34/41 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (2019)	26.4% [18/29 countries]
% of those who think that their country ought to be a society with many people near the top, and only a few near the bottom (2009)	33.0% [5/41 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who think that they belong to the upper class (10 choices) (2019)	9.7% [15/29 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the upper class (10 choices) (2009)	10.3% [15/41 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the middle class (10 choices) (2019)	66.0% [26/29 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the middle class (10 choices) (2009)	64.9% [33/41 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the "Middle class" (6 choices) (2019)	3.8% [28/28 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the "Middle class" (6 choices) (2009)	29.7% [32/38 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the "Lower middle class" (6 choices) (2019)	31.3% [2/28 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the lower class (10 choices) (2019)	24.2% [5/29 countries]
% of those who think that they belong to the lower class (10 choices) (2009)	24.9% [15/41 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the upper class (10 choices) (2019)	7.4% [23/29 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the upper class (10 choices) (2009)	8.9% [21/41 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the middle class (10 choices) (2019)	65.7% [22/29 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the middle class (10 choices) (2009)	61.8% [30/41 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the lower class (10 choices) (2019)	26.9% [6/29 countries]
% of those who think that they grew up in the lower class (10 choices) (2009)	29.2% [12/41 countries]
% of those who think that they will be in the upper class ahead 10 years (10 choices) (2019)	21.0% [12/29 countries]
% of those who think that they will be in the middle class ahead 10 years (10 choices) (2019)	64.5% [19/29 countries]
% of those who think that they will be in the lower class ahead 10 years (10 choices) (2019)	14.6% [9/29 countries]
% of those who think that the social status of their job is higher than their fathers' job (2009)	45.4% [16/41 countries]
% of those who think that the social status of their job is lower than their fathers' job (2009)	24.7% [15/41 countries]
% of those who think that there is strong conflicts between people at the top of society and people at the bottom (2009)	58.0% [16/41 countries]
% of those who think that coming from a wealthy family is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	53.5% [1/29 countries]
% of those who think that coming from a wealthy family is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	56.3% [2/41 countries]
% of those who think that having well-educated parents is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	64.3% [2/29 countries]
% of those who think that having well-educated parents is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	70.2% [2/41 countries]
% of those who think that having a good education is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	79.3% [6/29 countries]
% of those who think that having a good education is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	94.0% [1/41 countries]
% of those who think that having ambition is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	84.4% [7/41 countries]
% of those who think that hard work is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	78.5% [11/29 countries]
% of those who think that hard work is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	86.6% [9/41 countries]
% of those who think that knowing the right people is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	62.4% [7/29 countries]
% of those who think that knowing the right people is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	66.0% [11/41 countries]
% of those who think that having political connections is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	39.3% [5/29 countries]
% of those who think that having political connections is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	30.6% [14/41 countries]
% of those who think that giving bribes is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	22.9% [2/29 countries]
% of those who think that giving bribes is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	11.9% [18/41 countries]
% of those who think that race is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	38.9% [2/29 countries]
% of those who think that race is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	50.2% [1/41 countries]
% of those who think that religion is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	41.8% [2/29 countries]
% of those who think that religion is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	60.8% [1/41 countries]
% of those who think that man or woman is very important for getting ahead in life (2019)	40.2% [2/29 countries]
% of those who think that man or woman is very important for getting ahead in life (2009)	57.8% [1/41 countries]

	South Africa
Tourism, % of GDP	4.1% (2019) [9/18 countries]
Tourism, employment, % of total employment	4.7% (2019) [28/39 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who turn to family members or close friends first to help them if they needed to borrow a large sum of money (2017)	63.9% [10/30 countries]
% of those who turn to private companies first to help them if they needed to borrow a large sum of money (2017)	9.2% [23/30 countries]
% of those who turn to public services first to help them if they needed to borrow a large sum of money (2017)	4.5% [24/30 countries]

	South Africa
Extent to which people trust major private companies (2017)	4.76 [19/30 countries]
% of those who have confidence in business and industry (2018)	58.5% [35/47 countries]
% of those who have confidence in business and industry (2008)	77.2% [10/44 countries]
% of those who think that private enterprise is the best way to solve their country's economic problems (2010)	56.4% [4/36 countries]
% of those who think that major private companies comply with laws and regulations (2016)	59.6% [9/35 countries]
% of those who think that major private companies try to avoid paying their taxes (2016)	45.7% [28/35 countries]
% of those who agree that large international companies are doing more and more damage to local businesses in the country (2013)	64.3% [12/33 countries]
% of those who agree that large international companies are doing more and more damage to local businesses in the country (2003)	60.0% [18/34 countries]
% of those who have joined in boycotts (2014)	13.4% [26/34 countries]
% of those who have joined in boycotts (2004)	11.1% [29/38 countries]

	South Africa
New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64) (2020)	12.50 [9/121 countries]
Cost of business start-up procedures (% of GNI per capita) (2019)	0.2% [183/190 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who think that business, banks and industry have the most influence on the actions of the government (2016)	8.8% [31/35 countries]
% of those who are in favour of less government regulation of business (2016)	61.1% [7/35 countries]
% of those who are in favour of less government regulation of business (2006)	59.1% [10/33 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for industry to develop new products and technology (2016)	82.8% [18/35 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for industry to develop new products and technology (2006)	82.9% [21/33 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government support for declining industries to protect jobs (2016)	73.1% [13/35 countries]

	South Africa
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (2019)	5.3% [138/187 countries]
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (2019)	5.3% [138/187 countries]
Employment in industry (% of total employment) (2019)	22.3% [66/187 countries]
Employment in services (% of total employment) (2019)	72.4% [43/187 countries]
% of men who prefer a full time job (2015)	68.1% [23/37 countries]
% of men who prefer a full time job (2005)	83.4% [2/31 countries]
% of women who prefer a full time job (2015)	58.7% [10/37 countries]
% of women who prefer a full time job (2005)	71.9% [1/31 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a job for everyone who wants one (2016)	86.3% [7/35 countries]
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for providing a job for everyone who wants one (2006)	89.8% [6/33 countries]
% of those who are in favour of government financing of projects to create new jobs (2016)	87.0% [12/35 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who agree that the government is responsible for promoting equality between men and women (2016)	89.3% [14/35 countries]
Share of female managers	31.6% (2021) [27/39 countries]
Female share of the directors of the largest publicly listed companies (2021)	34.0% [15/43 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (2018)	34.6% [19/47 countries]
% of those who think that a husband's job is to earn money; a wife's job is to look after the home and family (2008)	40.9% [9/44 countries]
% of those who think that the mother and the father should each take half of paid parental leave (2012)	10.3% [35/41 countries]
% of those who think that the mother should take most of the paid leave period and the father should take some of it. (2012)	22.1% [35/41 countries]
% of those who think that the mother should take the entire paid parental leave (2012)	66.1% [6/41 countries]
% of those who think that no paid parental leave is necessary (2012)	4.7% [28/41 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time when there is a child under school age (2012)	34.9% [2/41 countries]
% of those who think that both mother and father should work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	19.7% [7/41 countries]
% of those who think that both mother and father should work part-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	1.8% [35/41 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home when there is a child under school age (2012)	32.7% [23/41 countries]
% of those who think that mother should stay at home and father should work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	50.9% [14/41 countries]
% of those who think that mother should work part-time and father should work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	26.2% [37/41 countries]
% of those who think it is least desirable that both mother and father work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	16.4% [36/41 countries]
% of those who think it is least desirable that father stay at home and mother work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	34.4% [22/40 countries]
% of those who think it is least desirable that mother stay at home and father work full-time when they have a child under school age (2012)	26.1% [3/41 countries]
% of those who think that women should work outside the home full-time after the youngest child starts school (2012)	60.7% [7/41 countries]
% of those who think that women should stay at home after the youngest child starts school (2012)	15.7% [9/41 countries]
% of women who say that they care for sick family members (2012)	64.0% [9/41 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who think that employees have more job security than the self-employed (2005)	72.1% [2/31 countries]
% of those who think that being an employee interferes more with family life than self-employment (2005)	48.7% [3/31 countries]

	South Africa
% of those willing to accept temporary employment to avoid unemployment (2015)	51.0% [30/37 countries]
% of those willing to accept temporary employment to avoid unemployment (2005)	59.7% [18/31 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who do any work for additional income in addition to their main job (2015)	18.3% [16/37 countries]
% of those who do any work for additional income in addition to their main job (2005)	9.4% [27/31 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who think that it would be easy to find a job (2015)	34.0% [4/37 countries]
% of those who think that it would be easy to find a job (2005)	28.0% [12/31 countries]
% of those who turn to family members or close friends first to help them if they needed to find a job (2017)	41.4% [9/30 countries]
% of those who turn to private companies first to help them if they needed to find a job (2017)	14.0% [11/30 countries]
% of those who turn to public services first to help them if they needed to find a job (2017)	11.7% [27/30 countries]
% of those who would turn down another job that offered quite a bit more pay in order to stay with the current organization (2015)	35.2% [11/37 countries]
% of those who would turn down another job that offered quite a bit more pay in order to stay with the current organization (2005)	34.6% [10/31 countries]
% of those who would change their present type of work for something different if given the chance (2015)	57.4% [3/37 countries]
% of those who think that it is likely that they will try to find a job with another firm or organization within the next 12 months (2015)	39.2% [5/37 countries]
% of those who think that it is likely that they will try to find a job with another firm or organization within the next 12 months (2005)	29.7% [10/31 countries]
% of those who have given up good job opportunities for the benefit of their family life (2015)	21.8% [34/37 countries]
% of the men who have given up good job opportunities for the benefit of their family life (2015)	18.8% [35/37 countries]
% of the women who have given up good job opportunities for the benefit of their family life (2015)	23.6% [34/37 countries]
% of those who have remained in a job that was not satisfying for you for the benefit of your family life (2015)	23.8% [34/37 countries]
% of the men who have remained in a job that was not satisfying for you for the benefit of your family life (2015)	25.4% [33/37 countries]
% of the women who have remained in a job that was not satisfying for you for the benefit of your family life (2015)	22.8% [36/37 countries]

	South Africa
% of those who think that job security is very important in a job (2015)	57.2% [23/37 countries]
% of those who think that job security is very important in a job (2005)	98.8% [2/31 countries]
% of those who think that high income is very important in a job (2015)	48.8% [7/37 countries]
% of those who think that high income is very important in a job (2005)	92.9% [8/31 countries]
% of those who think that good opportunities for advancement is very important in a job (2015)	45.7% [7/37 countries]
% of those who think that good opportunities for advancement is very important in a job (2005)	94.5% [3/31 countries]
% of those who think that being interesting is very important in a job (2015)	43.3% [25/37 countries]
% of those who think that being interesting is very important in a job (2005)	91.8% [19/31 countries]
% of those who think that working independently is very important in a job (2015)	31.5% [16/37 countries]
% of those who think that working independently is very important in a job (2005)	79.3% [17/31 countries]
% of those who think that helping other people is very important in a job (2015)	36.5% [9/37 countries]
% of those who think that helping other people is very important in a job (2005)	88.1% [7/31 countries]
% of those who think that being useful to society is very important in a job (2015)	39.1% [10/37 countries]
% of those who think that being useful to society is very important in a job (2005)	85.7% [9/31 countries]
% of those who think that deciding times or days of work is very important in a job (2015)	23.0% [14/37 countries]
% of those who think that deciding times or days of work is very important in a job (2005)	65.8% [15/31 countries]
% of those who think that it is important for a job to involve personal contact with other people (2015)	28.2% [19/37 countries]
% of those who think that their job is secure (2015)	69.0% [21/37 countries]
% of those who think that their job is secure (2005)	64.6% [16/31 countries]
% of those who think that their job gives high income (2015)	34.4% [12/37 countries]
% of those who think that their job gives high income (2005)	28.1% [12/31 countries]
% of those who think that their job gives high opportunities for advancement (2015)	48.1% [5/37 countries]
% of those who think that their job gives high opportunities for advancement (2005)	38.1% [4/31 countries]
% of those who think that their job is interesting (2015)	68.3% [25/37 countries]
% of those who think that their job is interesting (2005)	65.4% [21/31 countries]
% of those who think that they can work independently (2015)	66.9% [25/37 countries]
% of those who think that they can work independently (2005)	58.8% [24/31 countries]
% of those who think that they can help other people in their job (2015)	74.9% [20/37 countries]
% of those who think that they can help other people in their job (2005)	69.1% [19/31 countries]
% of those who think that their job is useful to society (2015)	78.7% [12/37 countries]
% of those who think that their job is useful to society (2005)	68.4% [21/31 countries]
% of those who think that their job gives personal contact with other people (2015)	81.5% [29/37 countries]